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Abstract: As the ever increasing demands for performance of integrated circuit (IC) chip continue to increase, while technology scaling driven by Moore’s Law is becoming extremely challenging if not impractical or impossible, heterogeneous integration (HI) emerges as an attractive pathway to further enhance performance of Si-based CMOS chips. The underlying basis for using HI tech-nologies and structures is that IC performance goes well beyond classic logic functions; rather, functionalities and complexity of smart chips span across the full information chain, including signal sensing, conditioning, processing, storage, computing, communication, control and actua-tion, which are required to facilitate comprehensive human-world interactions. Therefore, HI technologies can bring in more function diversifications to make system chips smarter within ac-ceptable design constraints including costs. Over the past two decades or so, a large number of HI technologies have been explored to increase heterogeneities in materials, technologies, devices, circuits and system architectures, making it practically impossible to provide one single compre-hensive review of everything in the field in one paper. This article chooses to offer a topical over-view of selected HI structures that have been validated in CMOS platform, including a stacked-via vertical magnetic-cored inductor structure in CMOS, a metal wall structure in the backend of line (BEOL) of CMOS to suppress global flying noises, an above-IC graphene NEMS switch and a nano crossbar array electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection structure, and graphene ESD interconnects 

This paper reviews recent developments of Light Emitting Diode (LED) based Visible Light Communication (VLC) technologies and related cyber-physical systems-on-chip (CPSoC) for smart city applications. Critical aspects of LED VLC cyber-physical systems are discussed. Designs of LEDbased VLC CPSoC Integrated Circuits (IC) are depicted. LED VLC technology, as a viable internet of things (IoT) solution, has the potential for various applications for smart cities including smart hospitals, smart homes, smart communities and smart traffics in near future.